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Parliamentary procedure is the body of rules, ethics, and customs governing meetings and other operations of clubs, organizations, legislative bodies, and other deliberative assemblies. In the United States, parliamentary procedure is also referred to as ''parliamentary law'', ''parliamentary practice'', ''legislative procedure'', or ''rules of order''. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and other English-speaking countries it is often called ''chairmanship'', ''chairing'', the ''law of meetings'', ''procedure at meetings'', or the ''conduct of meetings''. At its heart is the rule of the majority with respect for the minority. Its object is to allow deliberation upon questions of interest to the organization and to arrive at the sense or the will of the assembly upon these questions.〔Henry M. Robert, ''Parliamentary Law'', 1923, p. 3〕 Self-governing organizations follow parliamentary procedure to debate and reach group decisions—usually by vote—with the least possible friction. Rules of order consist of rules written by the body itself (often referred to as bylaws), but also usually supplemented by a published parliamentary authority adopted by the body. Typically, national, state, and other full-scale legislative assemblies have extensive internally written rules of order, whereas non-legislative bodies write and adopt a limited set of specific rules as the need arises. ==History== (詳細はparliamentary system of government. In the 16th and 17th century, there were rules of order in the early Parliaments of England.〔Robert, Henry M. '' et al.'' (2011). (''Robert's Rules of Order,'' pp. xxxiii-xxxiv ).〕 In the 1560s Sir Thomas Smith began the process of writing down accepted procedures and published a book about them for the House of Commons in 1583.〔("Parliamentary procedure" at Encyclopedia Britannica'' ); retrieved 2013-1-11.〕 Early rules included * One subject should be discussed at a time (adopted 1581)〔Robert, (p. xxxiii ); Slater, Victor Louis. (2002). (''The Political History of Tudor and Stuart England: A Sourcebook,'' p. 72 ).〕 * Personal attacks are to be avoided in debate (1604)〔Robert, (p. xxxiv ).〕 * Debate must be limited to the merits of the question (1610)〔 * Division of a question when some seem to be for one part but not the other (1640)〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Parliamentary procedure」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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